What does 3D Secure mean?
The term 3D Secure comes from Three Domain Security. This is due to the fact that there are 3 "domains" involved in the 3D Secure process: Issuer Domain, Interoperability Domain and Acquirer Domain.
The issuer domain is where the cardholder and issuing bank act.
The acquirer domain is where the gateway and acquiring bank act.
The interoperability domain is where all the "connecting" services act (Directory Server & ACS).
See our article here on how 3D Secure works.